Applicable for A-Level, IB, DSE, AP-Level Exams
Internal energy is the sum of the potential and kinetic energies of molecules.
During a change of state the potential energies of the particle are changing but the kinetic energies stay the same. A continuous flow calorimter can b used to find the difference in thermal energy between a tube and used to find the specific heat capacity of a fluid.
Gas laws are empirical in nature whereas the kinetic theory model arises from theory.